Developed By: FANA HAGOS BERHANE (LL. B) (LL.M) Sponsored by the Justice and Legal System Research Institute PART ONE UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1- PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT Objectives The study of economic development is one of the newest, most exciting, and most challenging branch of the broader disciplines of economics and political economy and this chapter is mainly to give you highlight about the important concepts and nature of development economics, core values, and objectives of development , and indicators of development and growth. At the end of this chapter you will be able to § describe the importance of studying development economics § identify the difference between growth and development § assess the core values of development § elaborate the important objectives of development 1.1 The Nature of Development Economics Traditional economics is concerned primarily with the efficient least – cost allocation of scarce productive resources and with the optimal growth of these resources over time so as to produce an ever – expanding range of goods and service. By traditional economics it simply means the classical and neoclassical economics taught. Traditional neoclassical economics deals with an advanced capitalist world of perfect markets. consumer sovereignty. automatic price adjustments. decisions made on the basis of marginal, private – profit and utility calculations; and equilibrium outcomes in all product and resource markets. It assumes economic “rationality’’ and a purely materialistic, individualistic and self- interested orientation towards economic decision making. Political economy goes beyond traditional economics to study, among other things, the social and institutional processes through which center groups of economic and political elites influence the allocation of scares productive resources now and in the future, either exclusively for their own benefit or for that of the larger population as well. Political economy is, therefore, concerned with the relationship between politics and economic decision making. Development economics has an even greater scope. In addition to being concerned with the efficient allocation of existing scarce (or idle) productive resources and with their sustained growth over time, it must also deal with the economic, social, political, and institutional mechanisms, both public and private, necessary to bring about rapid (at least by historical standards) and large-scale improvements in levels of living for the masses of poverty – stricken, malnourished, and illiterate peoples of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Unlike the more developed countries, in the Less Developed Countries (LDCs), most commodity and resource markets are highly imperfect, consumers and producers have limited information, major structural changes are taking place in both the society and the economy, and disequilibrium situations often prevail (prices do not equate supply and demand). In many cases, economic calculations are dominated by political and social priorities such as building a new nation in Africa, replacing foreign advisors with local decision makers, resolving tribal or ethnic conflicts, or preserving religious and cultural traditions, religious and cultural traditions. At the individual level, family, clean, religious, or tribal considerations may take precedence over private, self – interested utility or profit – maximizing calculations. Thus, development economics, to a greater extent than traditional neoclassical economics or even political economy, must be concerned with the economic, cultural, and political requirements for effecting rapid structural and institutional transformations of entire societies in a manner that will most efficiently bring the fruits of economic progress to the broadest segments of their populations. As such a larger government role and some degree of coordinated economic decision making directed toward transforming the economy are usually viewed as essential components of development economics. We, who study law and development economics, must therefore be sensitive to the uniqueneness and diversity of third world societies. We must also recognize that there are few, if any, truly universal principles or “laws’ of economics governing economic relationships that are immutable at all times and in all places. There are at best only tendencies. For example, increased consumer demand tends to elicit a greater quantity supplied. But, as we shall discover later, conditions do exist in many developing countries under which this positive supply response may not operate. Because of the heterogeneity of the developing world, there can also be no single development economics, no universal third world economics applicable to any or all LDCs. Rather, development economic must be eclectic, attempting to combine relevant concepts and theories from traditional economic analysis along with new models and new broader multidisciplinary approaches derived from studying the historical and contemporary development experience of America, Asia, and Latin America. Today development economics is field on the crest of a breaking wave theories and new data continuously emerging. These theories and statistics sometimes confirm and sometimes challenge traditional ways of viewing the world. The ultimate purpose of development economics, however, remains constant: to help us better understand third world economies on order to help improve material lives of three-quarters of the global population.
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PROCLAMATION NO. 90/1997
A PROCLAMATION TO ACCEDE TO THE CONVENTION ESTABLISHING THE WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION WHEREAS, it is found essential that Ethiopia accedes to the convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization signed at Stockholm on 14th July, 1967, and amended on the 28th day of September, 1979; WHEREAS, the House of Peoples' Representatives of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has ratified said convention at its session held on the 23rd day of October, 1997; NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55 sub-Article (1) and (12) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follows: 1. Short Title This proclamation may be cited as "the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization Accession Proclamation No. 90/1997." 2. Accession to the Convention The Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization signed at Stockholm on the 14th day of July, 1967 and amended on the 28th day of September 28, 1979, is acceded. 3. Powers of the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission The Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission is hereby empowered to undertake all acts necessary for the implementation of the Convention. 4. Effective Date This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 23rd day of October, 1997. Done at Addis Ababa, this 23rd day of October, 1997. NEGASO GIDADA (DR.) PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA WHEREAS, it is necessary to establish a curriculum with good standards and set out criteria thereof to enable Higher Education Institution to produce competent and skilled human resource;
WHEREAS, it is essential to provide for the necessary legal framework so that the research conducted at such institutions shall be problem solving and directed towards the effective utilization of the potential resources of the country; WHEREAS, it is necessary to regulate the administration of private Higher Education Institutions and to maximize their role in the promotion of Higher Education and research; NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with article 55(1) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia it is hereby proclaimed as follows: A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE FEDERAL POLICE WHEREAS, it has become necessary to have a strong civil police institution which is loyal to the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and governed by laws enacted according to the Constitution; that has the adequate training and efficiency in the police profession, that serves and ensures peace and security of the public and honors human rights and freedoms; NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Articles 51(7), 55(7) and 55(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follow PROCLAMATION NO 209/2000 A Proclamaion to Provide for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage8/19/2011 PROCLAMATION NO 209/2000
A Proclamation to Provide for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage WHEREAS, Cultural heritage constitutes the imprints of a people's age-old way of life, labor and creativity; WHEREAS, Cultural Heritage constitutes an indispensable source of information for the purpose of study and research regarding the origin and evolution of man and other forms of life and thereby for the better understanding of nature and environment. WHEREAS, Cultural Heritage makes a major and universal contribution to the development of science and regarding the whole gamut of human knowledge generally. WHEREAS, Ethiopia, a country of nations, nationalities and peoples with history and culture of their own, has through the course of their long history acquire numerous cultural heritage including those which have been registered in the World Cultural Heritage List; WHEREAS, Cultural heritage plays a major role in enabling the next generation to acquire profound and extensive awareness about its culture and history, which is the expression of its identity, and hence the protection and preservation of cultural heritage has been made the responsibility of each citizen, the society, WHEREAS, it has become necessary to devise ways and means for the full protection and preservation of cultural heritage and to ensure that the research of Cultural Heritage at all stages is carried out in a way consonant with the national interest and the rights of the people; NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follows PROCLAMATION NO.2/1995PROCLAMATION TO DECLARE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA WHEREAS, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia have, through their elected Representatives, ratified the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; Whereas, the Founding Assembly of the Federation has been convened subsequent to the election and delegation, pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, of Deputies to the House of Peoples' Representatives and to the House of the Federation of the Federal Government; NOW THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55(1) of the Constitution, it is hereby proclaimed as follows: 4. Repeals
The following are hereby repealed:
This Proclamation shall enter into force as of the 22nd day of August, 1995.Done at Addis Ababa, this 22nd day of August, 1995NEGASSO GIDADA (DR.)PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA Here is a collection of articles and studies related to Ethiopian law of charities and societies and the law of NGOs in general. Sub-Saharan Africa Country Report Debebe Hailegebriel
Restrictions on Foreign Funding of Civil Society Debebe Hailegebriel NGO LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN ETHIOPIA THE REGISTRATION PROCESS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL, COMMUNITY-BASED AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS NEW PROCEDURE PERTAINING TO NON-PROFIT MAKING FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS THAT REQUIRED TO BE REGISTERED AND CARRY OUT ACTIVITIES IN ETHIOPIA NGO Law Monitor – Ethiopia NGO Comments on NGO Legislation (Amharic) NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW The Law of Fundraising Laws and Policies Affecting Volunteerism Since 2001 PROCLAMATION NO. 117/1998 ANIMAL, ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS MARKETING DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY8/2/2011 PROCLAMATION NO. 117/1998
A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ANIMAL, ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS MARKETING DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY WHEREAS, Animal, animal products and by-products are Agricultural resources having an important role in the economy of the country; WHEREAS, it has become necessary to regulate, control and coordinate the supply and marketing of this resource in appropriate way in order to maximize the benefit that the country can obtain; WHEREAS, it has become essential to give information and assistance to those individual persons and organizations engaged in animal, animal products and by-products trade activities, as well as to facilitate the marketing condition thereof; WHEREAS. it is believed that the sector of the export of animals, animal products and by products, which so far without a specific responsible body, needs to be carried out in an efficient and centralized manner, except such specialized activities that require handling by a different body; WHEREAS, to implement the foregoing it is found necessary to establish an autonomous and responsible public authority with appropriate powers and duties; NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follows. 1. Short Title This Proclamation may be cited as the “Animal and Animal Products and By-Products Marketing Development Authority Establishment Proclamation No. 117/1998″ 2. Definitions Unless the context otherwise requires in this proclamation: 1. “Animal” Means cattle, sheep, goat, camel, poultry, pig, bee and includes other animals which the authority for the purpose of this proclamation designates as animals; 2. “Animal Product” means meat, milk, butter, cheese, egg, honey wax, sheep hair, as well as wool and includes other products which the authority designates as animal products; 3. “Animal by-product” means everything of value produced from the slaughter of animal such as hide, skin, horn, hoof , blood, bone and meat meal and includes other by-products which the authority in the future designates as animal by products; 4. “Quarantine” means a mode of prevention and control of the spread of various contagious and infectious animal disease with in the country, from the country or to the country; 5. “Quarantine station” means a specified and demarcated area where animals, animal products and by-products are kept under strict follow up and control; 6. “Staging point” means a demarcated area established within a limited interval along the routes of trade of animals to provide feed, water, veterinary and resting services for trade stock.
3. Establishment
Click Here to read full text PROCLAMATION NO. 120/1998
A PROCLAMATION TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH Preamble WHEREAS, its varied geographic and climatic conditions has endowed Ethiopia with a wide range of Biodiversity and it is one of the few regions of the world having biological potential; WHEREAS, these biological resources which include plants, animals and microorganisms, have immense contribution to the development of the country’s agriculture, industry and health sectors as well as to various other development endeavors; WHEREAS, climatic change, frequent occurrence of drought, desertification, population growth that does not keep pace with development and implementation of industrial and agricultural technologies which do not take conservation of biodiversity into consideration contribute to the irreversible loss of the biological resources and this situation has become an increasing concern; WHEREAS, exploring, collecting conserving and utilizing the biodiversity of the country is one of the priority areas which are necessary for sustainable development activities; WHEREAS, in line with protecting its sovereign rights over its biodiversity at international level and the potential contributions of this resource to the welfare of the Ethiopian people and the people of the world as a whole, Ethiopia has agreed to respect various international conventions in conserving and properly utilizing its biological resources; WHEREAS, it has become necessary to establish an institute which is responsible for undertaking, directing and coordinating biodiversity conservation, research and proper utilization endeavors at national level; NOW, THEREFORE, in accordance with Article 55(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is hereby proclaimed as follows: 1. Short Title This Proclamation may be cited as the “Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research Establishment Proclamation No. 120/1998″. 2. Definition In this Proclamation unless the context requires otherwise: 1. “Biodiversity” means the variability among living organisms, including plants, animals and microorganisms, and the ecological complexes of which they are part and this includes diversity within species(genes), between species and ecosystems; 2. “Ecosystem” means a natural system in which living and non-living things are found interacting with each other in a dynamic process; 3. “Gene” means a chemical composition found in all living things, that transmits all inherited characteristics; 4. “In situ conservation” means conserving plant, animal and microbial genetic resources in their natural habitats; 5. “Ex situ conservation” means conserving plant, animal and microbial genetic resources out side their natural habitats; 6. “person” means any natural or juridical person. 3. Establishment 1. The Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research (hereinafter the “Institute”) is hereby established as an autonomous body of the Federal government having its own juridical personality. 2. The Institute shall be accountable to the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization. 4. Head Office The Institute shall have its head office in Addis Ababa and may have branch offices elsewhere as necessary. 5. Objective The objective of the Institute shall be to cause and ensure the appropriate conservation. research, development and sustainable utilization of the country’s biodiversity. 6. Powers and Duties The Institute shall have the powers and duties to: 1. initiate policy and legislative proposals on conservation, research and utilization of biodiversity and, upon approval, enforce as well as ensure their implementation; 2. explore, and survey the diversity and distribution of the country’s plant, animal and microbial genetic resources; collect samples for ex-situ conservation and facilitate utilization of these genetic resources for research and development; 3. conserve the country’s biological resources using ex-situ and in situ conservation methods; 4. device a strategy to harmonize biodiversity conservation and research programs with federal and regional agricultural, industrial and health development strategies and plans; 5. in line with developing and further utilizing the country’s biodiversity, popularize and introduce local landraces in different parts of the country; identify and study agro-ecologies where man-made and natural calamities are causing genetic erosion and from such assessment take measures by restoring the lost materials inthe locality from the ex situ conserved germplasm; 6. enrich the country’s biodiversity through introduction of germplasm from international sources and repatriating germplasm of Ethiopian origin from elsewhere in the world; 7. implement international conventions, agreements and obligations on biodiverstiy, to which Ethiopia is a party, and to take part in domestic and international conference and seminars with respect to biodiversity; 8. maintain and develop international relations with bilateral and multi-lateral bodies having the potential of providing aid and technical assistance for the support of biodiversity conservation and development; 9. work in cooperation with the concerned federal and regional bodies with respect to protection, research, conservation and utilization of biodiversity resources; 10. develop a national zoological museum and national herbarium for animal and plant specimens to provide researchers and other utilizers with the necessary reference materials; Click HERE to read full text Here is a collection of articles and studies related to Ethiopian law of charities and societies and the law of NGOs in general.
Sub-Saharan Africa Country Report Debebe Hailegebriel Restrictions on Foreign Funding of Civil Society Debebe Hailegebriel NGO LAWS AND REGULATIONS IN ETHIOPIA THE REGISTRATION PROCESS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL, COMMUNITY-BASED AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS NEW PROCEDURE PERTAINING TO NON-PROFIT MAKING FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS THAT REQUIRED TO BE REGISTERED AND CARRY OUT ACTIVITIES IN ETHIOPIA NGO Law Monitor – Ethiopia NGO Comments on NGO Legislation (Amharic) NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW The Law of Fundraising Laws and Policies Affecting Volunteerism Since 2001 |
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February 2012
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